Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Perspectives

Abstract

Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease with systemic involvement, predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. Its development is related to genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that lead to immune dysregulation and loss of tolerance to self-antigens. Cutaneous manifestations are common, especially photosensitivity and acute cutaneous lesions, such as the malar rash. Due to its heterogeneous clinical presentation, diagnosis and management remain challenging.
Methods: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence from books and scientific articles retrieved from the Scientific Electronic Library Online, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases. The search was conducted using standardized terminology related to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, focusing on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic approaches.
Results: The analysis highlights that Systemic Lupus Erythematosus presents a wide range of clinical manifestations, affecting the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs. Diagnosis relies on the integration of clinical findings and laboratory biomarkers that reflect immunological and inflammatory activity. Current treatment strategies require a multidisciplinary approach aimed at controlling disease activity, preventing organ damage, and improving quality of life. Advances in research have contributed to better disease understanding, although limitations in early diagnosis and long-term management persist.
Conclusion: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a complex disease with significant physical, psychological, and social impact on affected individuals. Early recognition of symptoms and accurate diagnosis are essential to reduce morbidity and improve patient outcomes. Continuous research and comprehensive clinical care are fundamental to optimize disease management and enhance the quality of life of patients living with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.