Surekha Tony*, Hatem Masoud Al Rawahi and Roshan Mevada
Volume5-Issue2
Dates: Received: 2024-01-30 | Accepted: 2024-02-12 | Published: 2024-02-15
Pages: 147-151
Abstract
In patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), cytopenia and bone marrow dysplasia are the most common hematologic complications. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemias (AIHAs) are rare and heterogeneous disorders characterized by the destruction of red blood cells through warm or cold antibodies. Despite Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) being a rare disease in children, and anemia in HIV patients being multifactorial, HIV infection can predispose to AIHA. Literature review reveals the occurrence of AIHA in People Living with HIV (PLWH) and most of the reported cases are in adults on treatment with HAART (Highly active antiretroviral therapy).
We aim to present a rare case of an Omani infant presenting with fever and progressive pallor. AIHA was identified as the cause of anemia and subsequently the patient was diagnosed to have underlying HIV infection.
FullText HTML
FullText PDF
DOI: 10.37871/jbres1881
Certificate of Publication

Copyright
© 2024 Tony S, et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0
How to cite this article
Tony S, Al Rawahi HM, Mevada R. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia as a Rare Presentation of HIV Infection in an Infant. J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2024 Feb 5; 5(2): 147-151. doi: 10.37871/jbres1881, Article ID: JBRES1881, Available at: https://www. jelsciences.com/articles/jbres1881.pdf
Subject area(s)
References
- Manual on Paediatric HIV Care and Treatment for District Hospitals: Addendum to the Pocket Book of Hospital Care of Children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. PMID: 26131545.
- Saif MW. HIV-associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia: an update. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2001 Apr;15(4):217-24. doi: 10.1089/10872910151133783. PMID: 11359664.
- Dhurve SA, Dhurve AS. Bone Marrow Abnormalities in HIV Disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2013 Jun 3;5(1): e2013033. doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2013.033. PMID: 23795271; PMCID: PMC3684351.
- Bhardwaj S, Almaeen A, Ahmed Wani F, Thirunavukkarasu A. Hematologic derangements in HIV/AIDS patients and their relationship with the CD4 counts: a cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2020 Apr 1;13(4):756-763. PMID: 32355524; PMCID: PMC7191136.
- Redig AJ, Berliner N. Pathogenesis and clinical implications of HIV-related anemia in 2013. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2013; 2013:377-81. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2013.1.377. PMID: 24319207.
- Kukreja S, Baker SA, Ochani S, Lohana S, Kalwar A, Memon K, et al Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a rare disease in newborns: a case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2023 Apr 18;85(5):2212-2215. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000681. PMID: 37229037; PMCID: PMC10205368.
- Yen YF, Lan YC, Huang CT, Jen IA, Chen M, Lee CY, Chuang PH, Lee Y, Morisky DE, Chen YA. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Increases the Risk of Incident Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan. J Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 15;216(8):1000-1007. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix384. PMID: 29149339.
- Liebman HA, Weitz IC. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. Med Clin North Am. 2017 Mar;101(2):351-359. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Dec 14. PMID: 28189175.
- Voulgaridou A, Kalfa TA. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in the Pediatric Setting. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 9;10(2):216. doi: 10.3390/jcm10020216. PMID: 33435309; PMCID: PMC7828053.
- Michalak SS, Olewicz-Gawlik A, Rupa-Matysek J, Wolny-Rokicka E, Nowakowska E, Gil L. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia: current knowledge and perspectives. Immun Ageing. 2020 Nov 20;17(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s12979-020-00208-7. PMID: 33292368; PMCID: PMC7677104.
- Tsiakalos A, Routsias JG, Kordossis T, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG, Sipsas NV. Fine epitope specificity of anti-erythropoietin antibodies reveals molecular mimicry with HIV-1 p17 protein: a pathogenetic mechanism for HIV-1-related anemia. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:902–11. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir433. PMID: 21849287.
- Russo S, Lopalco L. Is autoimmunity a component of natural immunity to HIV? Curr HIV Res 2006; 4:177–90. doi: 10.2174/157016206776055011. PMID: 16611056.
- Barcellini W. New Insights in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia. Transfus Med Hemother. 2015 Sep;42(5):287-93. doi: 10.1159/000439002. Epub 2015 Sep 7. PMID: 26696796; PMCID: PMC4678320.
- Barcellini W, Fattizzo B, Zaninoni A. Current and emerging treatment options for autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2018;14(10):857–872. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2018.1521722.Epub 2018 Oct 8. PMID: 30204521.
- Iordache L, Launay O, Bouchaud O, Jeantils V, Goujard C, Boue F, et al. Associated authors. Autoimmune diseases in HIV-infected patients: 52 cases and literature review. Autoimmun Rev. 2014 Aug;13(8):850-7. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.04.005. Epub 2014 Apr 18. PMID: 24747058.
- Aladjidi N, Leverger G, Leblanc T, Picat MQ, Michel G, Bertrand Y, et al. New insights into childhood autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a French national observational study of 265 children. Haematologica 2011;96(5):655-663; https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2010.036053. Epub 2011 Jan 12. PMID: 21228033; PMCID: PMC3084911.
- Sigler E, Shvidel L, Yahalom V, Berrebi A, Shtalrid M.et al. “Clinical significance of serologic markers related to red blood cell autoantibodies production after red blood cell transfusion-severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurring after transfusion and alloimmunization: Successful treatment with rituximab.” Transfusion, Vol. 49, No. 7, 2009, pp. 1370-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02163.x. Epub 2009 Apr 3. PMID: 19374728.
- Park SH, Choe WH, Kwon SW. Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Patients With Autoantibodies: Is It Effective and Safe Without Increasing Hemolysis Risk? Ann Lab Med. 2015 Jul;35(4):436-44. doi: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.4.436. Epub 2015 May 21. PMID: 26131416; PMCID: PMC4446583.
- Jäger U, Barcellini W, Broome CM, Gertz MA, Hill A, Hill QA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults: Recommendations from the First International Consensus Meeting. Blood Rev. 2020 May; 41:100648. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100648. Epub 2019 Dec 5. PMID: 31839434.
- Naithani R, Agrawal N, Mahapatra M, Kumar R, Pati HP, Choudhry VP. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in children. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2007 Jun;24(4):309-15. doi: 10.1080/08880010701360783. PMID: 17613874.