Covid-19 Research

Research Article

OCLC Number/Unique Identifier:

Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Acute Toxicity Screening of Leaf Extracts of Morinda lucida (Rubiaceae)

General Science    Start Submission

Okwute SK* and Ochi IO

Volume4-Issue3
Dates: Received: 2023-02-28 | Accepted: 2023-03-10 | Published: 2023-03-11
Pages: 372-382

Abstract

Introduction: Morinda lucida is a medicinal plant popular for its traditional uses in the treatment of several illnesses such as malaria, inflammation, diabetes, jaundice, hypertension and dysentery. In this study, the leaf extract of the plant which is the most commonly used in ethnomedicine was subjected to biological screenings for anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities, and oral acute toxicity test to confirm its claimed potency in traditional healthcare.

Methods: The powdered dried leaf of Morinda lucida was successively extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol to obtain the corresponding extracts. The extracts obtained were screened for phytochemicals, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as determined its acute toxicity concentration and total phenolic content. The inhibitory activity (sensitivity test) of the extracts was carried out using agar well diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentration determination was done using tube dilution method with the mueller hinton broth used as a diluent. For sensitivity tests the diameters of the zones were measured using a transparent ruler calibrated in millimeter and the results were recorded.

The free radical scavenging activity of the extracts of the leaves of Morinda lucida, based on the scavenging activity of the stable 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, was determined using the measurement of the absorbance at 517 nm of the reduction of violet to yellow color in the presence of antioxidants.
The oral acute toxicity study was carried out in vivo using albino mice in two phases. Each phase had groups of animals and each group received 1200, 1600, 2900 or 5000 mg/kg of the extracts of dried leaves of M. lucida except the control which received normal saline. All the animals were subjected to four hours of fasting prior to treatment and their respective body weights taken. The mice were then carefully monitored for clinical signs of toxicity such as weakness or drowsiness, aggressiveness, loss of weight, diarrhea, discharge from eyes and ears, noisy breathing and the number of deaths in each treated group and the control. The observation was carefully recorded and result documented.

For anti-inflammatory activity, Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method was used and the animals were wistar rats (17-31 g) of either sex. The animals received the crude extract in three different doses (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) body weight with piroxicam (10 mg/kg) as the reference drug. Measurement of right hind paw in circumference was taken using digital caliper.

Results: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, lignans, xanthones and peptides but no anthraquinines. The phytochemicals were substantially in the methanol and ethylacetate extracts.
The extracts exhibited characteristic strong Concentration-Dependent Activity (CDA) against the test organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 10-23 mm at various concentrations. The petroleum ether extract was completely inactive against E. coli and K. pneumonia bacteria while ethyl acetate extract also showed no activity against K. pneumonia. However, the methanol extract demonstrated high activity against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. typhi, K. pneumonia and P. aeroginosa. All the extracts had no activity against the fungi C. albicans and A. niger.

The extracts exhibited free radical scavenging activity of 66.2%, 55.3% and 45.0% at the concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, respectively for methanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether, compared to that of the standard, ascorbic acid, which recorded 81.7% at the same concentration. Using DPPH free radical and spectrophotometry, the extracts displayed reducing antioxidant power of 0.594, 0.408 and 0.396 nm, respectively for methanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether compared to the standard, ascorbic acid with 0.826 nm at 1.0 mg/ml. The extracts gave total phenolic content of 62.2, 106.0 and 170.7 mg/g for petroleum spirit, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively.

The results of the acute toxicity profile showed that all the animals of different body weights survived at all the concentrations ranging from the lowest concentration of 10 mg/kg to the highest concentration of 5000 mg/kg per oral test dose. Physical and behavioral observations of the experimental mice revealed no visible sign of acute toxicity.

The extracts showed significant inhibitory effect on oedema formation at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight when compared to the standard drug, piroxicam, at the dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. The oedema inhibition was found to be concentration dependent only with petroleum ether extract unlike the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts.

Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the various extracts of Morinda lucida have great potentials as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and have low toxicity. The leaf extracts can therefore safely be used to manage human pathogenic infections. These biological activities and the phyto-constituents validate its acclaimed ethnomedicinal uses.

FullText HTML FullText PDF DOI: 10.37871/jbres1685


Certificate of Publication




Copyright

© 2023 Okwute SK, et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0

How to cite this article

Okwute SK, Ochi IO. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-Infl ammatory and Acute Toxicity Screening of Leaf Extracts of Morinda lucida (Rubiaceae). 2023 Mar 10; 4(3): 372-382. doi: 10.37871/jbres1685, Article ID: JBRES1685, Available at: https://www. jelsciences.com/articles/jbres1685.pdf


Subject area(s)

References


  1. Dike IP, Obembe OO, Adebiyi FE. Ethnobotanical survey for potential anti-malarial plants in south-western Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Dec 18;144(3):618-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.002. Epub 2012 Oct 18. PMID: 23085021.
  2. Lawal HO, Etatuvie SO, Fawehinmi AB. Ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties of Morinda lucida. Journal of Natural Products. 2012;5:93-99. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114055.
  3. Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Nearly Four Decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. J Nat Prod. 2020 Mar 27;83(3):770-803. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285. Epub 2020 Mar 12. PMID: 32162523.
  4. Odutuga AA, Dairo JO, Minari JB, Bamisaye FA. Anti-diabetic effect of Morinda lucida stem bark extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Research Journal of Pharmacology. 2010;4(30):78-82. doi: 10.3923/rjpharm.2010.78.82.
  5. Agbor G, Tarkam A, Fogha J, Biyiti L, Tamze V, Messi H, Tsabang N, Longo F, Tchinda A, Dongmo B, Donfagsiteli N, Nbing, JN, Joseph K, Ngide R, Simo D. Acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous extract of Morinda lucida stem bark. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2012;7(3):158-165. doi: 10.3923/jpt.2012.158.165.
  6. Ogundare AO, Onifade AK. The antimicrobial activity of Morinda lucida leaf extracton Escherichia coli. J Med Plants Res. 2009;3(4):319-323. doi: 10.5897/JMPR.9001185.
  7. Adam OA, Adedoyin I, Adeola AA, Lawrence AO. Leaf Extract of Morinda lucida improved pancreatic beta-cell function in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2019;1-9. doi: 10.1080/2314808X.2019.1666501.
  8. Addy BS, Owodo HT, Gyapong RNK, Umeji CO, Mintah DN. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial study on the leaves of Morinda lucida (Rubiaceae). Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2013;3(14):131-136.
  9. Adeneye AA, Olagunju JA, Olatunji BH, Balogun AF, Akinyele BS, Ayodele MO. Modulatory effect of Morinda lucida aqueous stem bark extract on blood glucose and lipid profile in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Afr J Biomed Res. 2017;20:75-84.
  10. Adeyemi TOA, Ogboru RO, Idowu OD, Owoeye EA, Isese MO. Phytochemical screening and health potentials of Morinda lucida (Benth). International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research. 2014;11:515-519.
  11. Adomi PO, Umukoro GE. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol crude extracts of the root barks of Alstonia boonei and preliminary phytochemical test of Morinda lucida. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2010;4(8):644-648.
  12. Bamisaye FA, Odutuga AA, Minari JB, Dairo JO, Oluba OM and Babotola LJ. Evaluation of hypoglycemic and toxicological effects of leaf extracts of Morinda lucida on hyperglycemic albino rats. Int Research Journal of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics. 2013;3(2):37-43.
  13. Raji Y, Akinsomisoye OS, Salman TM. Antispermatogenic activity of Morinda lucida extract in male rats. Asian J Androl. 2005 Dec;7(4):405-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00051.x. PMID: 16281089.
  14. Ochi IO, Okwute SK. Phytochemical and antimalarial screening of extracts of leaves of Morinda lucida (Rubiaceae). International J of Science and Research. 2021;10(4).
  15. Adesogan EK. Anthraquinones and anthraquinols from Morinda lucida. Tetrahedron. 1973;29:4099-4102. doi: 10.1016/0040-4020(73)80244-3.
  16. Demagos GP, Baltus W and Hoefle G. New anthraquinones and anthraquinone glycosides from Morinda lucida. Zeithschrift fuer Naturforschung. 1981;36B:1180-1184.
  17. Rath G, Ndozao M, Hostettmann K. Antifungal anthraquinones from Morinda lucida. Pharmaceutical Biology. 1995;33(2):107-114. doi: 10.3109/13880209509055208.
  18. Girish HV. Antibacterial activity of some selected medicinal plants on human pathogenic bacterial: A comparative analysis. World Applied Science Journal. 2008;267-271.
  19. Andrews JM. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001 Jul;48 Suppl 1:5-16. doi: 10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.5. Erratum in: J Antimicrob Chemother 2002 Jun;49(6):1049. PMID: 11420333.
  20. Fatema N. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Ageratum conyzoides stem. International Current Pharmaceutical Journal. 2013;2(2):33-37. doi: 10.3329/icpj.v2i2.13195.
  21. Ayoola GA, Sofidiya T, Odukoya O, Coker HAB. Phytochemical screening and free radical scavenging activity of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Practice. 2006;8:133-136.
  22. Wolfe K, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant activity of apple peels. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 29;51(3):609-14. doi: 10.1021/jf020782a. PMID: 12537430.
  23. Yen G, Chen H. Antioxidant activity of various tea extract in relation to their antimutagenicity. J Agric Food Chem. 1995;43:7-32. doi: 10.1021/jf00049a007.
  24. Lorke D. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol. 1983 Dec;54(4):275-87. doi: 10.1007/BF01234480. PMID: 6667118.
  25. Ganesh G, Saurabh M, Sarada NC. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic leaf extract of traditionally used medicinal plant Mimusops elengi L. J Pharm Sci & Res. 2013;5(6):125-130.
  26. Ezekiel I, Mabrouk MA, Ayo JO. Study of the effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Commiphora africana (stem-bark) on sleeping time and convulsion in mice. Asian Journal of Medical Science. 2010;2(3):81-84.
  27. Enabulele SA, Esecosa U, Amusa O. Phytochemical, antimicrobial and nutritional properties of Morinda lucida Benth and Nauclea latifolia leaf extracts. Int J of Scientific World. 2017;5(1):62-66. doi: 10.14419/ijsw.v5i1.6775.
  28. Owolabi AO, Ndako JA, Akpor OB, Owa SO, Oluyori AP, Oludipe OE, Aiolo GL. In vivo antimicrobial appraisal of the potentials of M. lucida against some selected bacteria. Food Research. 2022;6(4):380-387. doi: 10.26656/fr.2017.6(4).424.
  29. Huchings A, Scott AH, Lewis G, Cunningham A. Zulu medicinal plants. Natal University Pres; 1996.
  30. Lemenih M. and Teketay D. Frankincenses and myrrh resources of Ethiopia: I Distribution, production, opportunities for dryland development and research needs. SINET: Ethiop J Sci. 2003;26(1):63-72. doi: 10.4314/sinet.v26i1.18201.
  31. Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997 Jul;10(3):505-20. doi: 10.1128/CMR.10.3.505. PMID: 9227864; PMCID: PMC172932.
  32. Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jul;28(3):603-61. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00134-14. PMID: 26016486; PMCID: PMC4451395.
  33. Cole AM, Tahk S, Oren A, Yoshioka D, Kim YH, Park A, Ganz T. Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001 Nov;8(6):1064-9. doi: 10.1128/CDLI.8.6.1064-1069.2001. PMID: 11687441; PMCID: PMC96227.
  34. Senok AC, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Botta GA. Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD006289. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006289.pub2. PMID: 19821358.
  35. Hoffman B. Williams Gynecology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2012.
  36. Bowersox J. Experimental Staph vaccine broadly protective in animal studies. NIH1999. 2007.
  37. Kesarwani A, Chiang PY, Chen SS. Distribution of phenolic compounds and antioxidative activities of rice kernel and their relationships with agronomic practice. Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014:620171. doi: 10.1155/2014/620171. Epub 2014 Nov 18. PMID: 25506072; PMCID: PMC4254073.
  38. Enemali SI, Okwute SK. Isolation of a phenolic compound from anti-snake venom methanolic leaves extract of hibiscus radiates. Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology. 2021;7:9-15. doi: 10.26765/DRJBB83105598.
  39. Okwute SK, Ochi IO. Phytochemical analysis and cytotoxic activity of the root extract of Commiphora africana (Caesalpiniaceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017;6(6):451-454.
  40. Anosike CA, Obidoa O, Ezeanyika LU. Membrane stabilization as a mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum). Daru. 2012 Nov 14;20(1):76. doi: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-76. PMID: 23351977; PMCID: PMC3556049.


Comments


Swift, Reliable, and studious. We aim to cherish the world by publishing precise knowledge.

  • asd
  • Brown University Library
  • University of Glasgow Library
  • University of Pennsylvania, Penn Library
  • University of Amsterdam Library
  • The University of British Columbia Library
  • UC Berkeley’s Library
  • MIT Libraries
  • Kings College London University
  • University of Texas Libraries
  • UNSW Sidney Library
  • The University of Hong Kong Libraries
  • UC Santa Barbara Library
  • University of Toronto Libraries
  • University of Oxford Library
  • Australian National University
  • ScienceOpen
  • UIC Library
  • KAUST University Library
  • Cardiff University Library
  • Ball State University Library
  • Duke University Library
  • Rutgers University Library
  • Air University Library
  • UNT University of North Texas
  • Washington Research Library Consortium
  • Penn State University Library
  • Georgetown Library
  • Princeton University Library
  • Science Gate
  • Internet Archive
  • WashingTon State University Library
  • Dimensions
  • Zenodo
  • OpenAire
  • Index Copernicus International
  • icmje
  •  International Scientific Indexing (ISI)
  • Sherpa Romeo
  • ResearchGate
  • Universidad De Lima
  • WorldCat
  • JCU Discovery
  • McGill
  • National University of Singepore Libraries
  • SearchIT
  • Scilit
  • SemantiScholar
  • Base Search
  • VU
  • KB
  • Publons
  • oaji
  • Harvard University
  • sjsu-library
  • UWLSearch
  • Florida Institute of Technology
  • CrossRef
  • LUBsearch
  • Universitat de Paris
  • Technical University of Denmark
  • ResearchBIB
  • Google Scholar
  • Microsoft Academic Search