Fernanda Maciel Rebelo*, Vidal Augusto Zapparoli Castro Melo, Alinne Lopomo Beteto and Eduardo Mario Dias
Volume3-Issue12
Dates: Received: 2022-12-10 | Accepted: 2022-12-22 | Published: 2022-12-24
Pages: 1522-1526
Abstract
Traceability is a valuable strategy to prevent the administration of counterfeit and substandard medicines, but despite being an efficient risk management strategy, it has high implementation and operational costs. An economic evaluation, taken with the identification of risks to be mitigated, potential benefits, related costs, and ways to fund the project implementation and operationalization, can determine the feasibility of a traceability model. This evaluation admits different perspectives depending on the stakeholder. Several countries are working on different traceability and financing models according to identified risks, expected gains, and economic impacts. This opinion paper describes the problem, track and trace models mostly adopted, most used economic evaluation methods in healthcare, and defines the hypothesis that investment return can enable the decision-making for a drug track system implementation. 
FullText HTML
FullText PDF
DOI: 10.37871/jbres1628
Certificate of Publication
Copyright
© 2022 Rebelo FM, et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 
How to cite this article
Rebelo FM, Castro Melo VAZ, Beteto AL, Dias EM. Economic Evaluation: Advantages of Implementing Drug Track and Trace beyond Health Benefi ts. 2022 Dec 24; 3(12): 1522-1526. doi: 10.37871/jbres1628, Article ID: JBRES1628, Available at: https:// www.jelsciences.com/articles/jbres1628.pdf
Subject area(s)
References
- Musamih A, Salah K, Jayaraman R, Arshad J, Debe M, Al-Hammadi Y, Ellaham S. A blockchain-based approach for drug traceability in healthcare supply chain. IEEE Access. 2021. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3049920.
- World Health Organization (WHO). Policy paper in traceability of medical products. Geneva. 2021.
- World Health Organization. Substandard and falsified medical products. 2018.
- Ozawa S, Evans DR, Bessias S, Haynie DG, Yemeke TT, Laing SK, Herrington JE. Prevalence and Estimated Economic Burden of Substandard and Falsified Medicines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Aug 3;1(4):e181662. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1662. PMID: 30646106; PMCID: PMC6324280.
- World Health Organization (WHO). A study on the public health and socioeconomic impact of substandard and falsified medical product. Geneva. 2017.
- World Health Organization (WHO). Global tuberculosis report 2022. Geneva. 2022.
- Akpobolokemi T, Martinez-Nunez RT, Raimi-Abraham BT. Tackling the global impact of substandard and falsified and unregistered/unlicensed anti-tuberculosis medicines. J Med Access. 2022 Jan 23;6:23992026211070406. doi: 10.1177/23992026211070406. PMID: 36204519; PMCID: PMC9413333.
- Mackey TK. Prevalence of Substandard and Falsified Essential Medicines: Still an Incomplete Picture. JAMA Netw Open. 2018 Aug 3;1(4):e181685. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1685. PMID: 30646099.
- McManus D, Naughton BD. A systematic review of substandard, falsified, unlicensed and unregistered medicine sampling studies: a focus on context, prevalence, and quality. BMJ Glob Health. 2020 Aug;5(8):e002393. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002393. PMID: 32859648; PMCID: PMC7454198.
- Bernaert A. The COVID vaccine market is worth at least $150 billion. Can we stop it being flooded with fakes? World Economic Forum (WEF). 2021.
- Amankwah-Amoah J. COVID-19 and counterfeit vaccines: Global implications, new challenges and opportunities. Health Policy Technol. 2022 Jun;11(2):100630. doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2022.100630. Epub 2022 Apr 10. PMID: 35433241; PMCID: PMC8994681.
- Srivastava K. Fake covid vaccines boost the black market for counterfeit medicines. BMJ. 2021 Nov 17;375:n2754. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2754. PMID: 34789457.
- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Toolkit to combat illegal internet product sales. Regulatory Harmonization Steering Committee. APEC. 2016.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Toolkit for protecting digital consumers-a resource for G20 policy makers. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2018.
- International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Agency (IMCRA). Recommendations on common denominators for traceability systems for medicines to allow for interoperability. 2021
- Hoomans T, Severens JL. Economic evaluation of implementation strategies in health care. Implement Sci. 2014 Dec 18;9:168. doi: 10.1186/s13012-014-0168-y. PMID: 25518730; PMCID: PMC4279808.
- Rudmik L, Drummond M. Health economic evaluation: important principles and methodology. Laryngoscope. 2013 Jun;123(6):1341-7. doi: 10.1002/lary.23943. Epub 2013 Mar 11. PMID: 23483522.
- Sanders GD, Maciejewski ML, Basu A. Overview of Cost-effectiveness Analysis. JAMA. 2019 Apr 9;321(14):1400-1401. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.1265. PMID: 30855638.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Trade in Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Products, Illicit Trade. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2020.
- International Coalition of Medicines Regulatory Agency (IMCRA). Recommendations on alignment of existing and planned Track and Trace (T&T) systems to allow for interoperability. 2017.
- Parmaksiz K, Pisani E, Kok MO. What Makes a National Pharmaceutical Track and Trace System Succeed? Lessons From Turkey. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2020 Sep 30;8(3):431-441. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00084. Erratum in: Glob Health Sci Pract. 2020 Dec 23;8(4):863. PMID: 33008856; PMCID: PMC7541108.
- European Medicines Verification Organization (EVMO). European medicines verification system-an introduction. 2019.
