Covid-19 Research

Review Article

OCLC Number/Unique Identifier: 9385832605

A Brief Review of Sickle-Cell Haemoglobin, β-Thalassaemia and G-6-PD Deficiency Genes among Tribals of Scheduled Area of Rajasthan, India: Focus on Tribal Health

Medicine Group
Public Health
Blood Disorders
   Start Submission

Shanti Lal Choubisa* and Anurag Choubisa

Volume2-Issue12
Dates: Received: 2021-11-26 | Accepted: 2021-12-14 | Published: 2021-12-16
Pages: 1187-1196

Abstract

Rajasthan, situated at the north-western part of India is the biggest state in the country of India and has total of 33 districts. By merging eight tribal dominating districts namely, Banswara, Chittourgarh, Dungarpur, Pali, Pratapgarh, Rajasamand, Sirohi, and Udaipur of these, the government has created a special area called the ‘schedule area” in which >70% of the people are tribal. This area is mostly backward and underdeveloped where malaria is also hyperendemic. In this area, Bhil, Damor, Meena, Garasiya, Kathudia and Sahariya are the most dominating and major endogamous tribes. Besides the several communicable and non-communicable diseases in this area, certain erythrocyte genetic disorders, Sickle-Cell Haemoglobin (Hb-S), β-thalassaemia and G-6-PD deficiency (Gd) are also deteriorating the tribal health and causing morbidity and mortality in them. Genes of these red cell genetic disorders are more prevalent and widely distributed among tribal people. The maximum prevalence of these blood genetic disorders in tribes was found as 31.14%, 9.00% and 22.00%, respectively. Since the groundwater of this tribal area contains a high amount of Fluoride (F), drinking it poses a high risk of premature death of tribal people who already have homozygous state of sickle-cell and β-thalassaemic genes. In present communication, besides the focus on tribal health, the status of genes of sickle-cell haemoglobin, β-thalassaemia and G-6-PD deficiency in different tribal ethnic groups of scheduled area, the correlation of these blood genetic disorders with malaria, impact of F intoxication in tribal subjects possessing red cell genetic disorders and the prevention and control of these erythrocyte genetic disorders in tribal people have been critically reviewed. The results of this review are significant and advantageous in making and execution of prevention and control programme of these blood genetic disorders in tribals of scheduled area of Rajasthan, India. Moreover, in this review, research gaps are also highlighted for further research work.

FullText HTML FullText PDF DOI: 10.37871/jbres1371

Certificate of Publication

Copyright

© 2021 Choubisa SL, et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0

How to cite this article

Choubisa SL, Choubisa A. A Brief Review of Sickle-Cell Haemoglobin, β-Thalassaemia and G-6-PD Deficiency Genes among Tribals of Scheduled Area of Rajasthan, India: Focus on Tribal Health. J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2021 Dec 16; 2(12): 1187-1196. doi: 10.37871/jbres1371, Article ID: JBRES1370, Available at: https://www.jelsciences.com/articles/jbres1371.pdf

Subject area(s)

Public Health
Blood Disorders

References

  1. Choubisa SL. Fluoride distribution in drinking groundwater in Rajasthan, India. Curr Sci. 2018;114(9):1851-1857.
  2. Choubisa SL, Choubisa L, Choubisa DK. Endemic fluorosis in Rajasthan. Indian J Environ Health. 2001 Oct;43(4):177-89. PMID: 12395525.
  3. Choubisa SL. A brief and critical review on hydrofluorosis in diverse species of domestic animals in India. Environ Geochem Health. 2018 Feb;40(1):99-114. doi: 10.1007/s10653-017-9913-x. Epub 2017 Jan 31. PMID: 28144801.
  4. Choubisa SL. Some observations on endemic fluorosis in domestic animals in Southern Rajasthan (India). Vet Res Commun. 1999 Nov;23(7):457-65. doi: 10.1023/a:1006325710222. PMID: 10598076.
  5. Choubisa SL. Fluoridated ground water and its toxic effects on domesticated animals residing in rural tribal areas of Rajasthan (India). Int J Environ Stud. 2007;64(2):151-159.
  6. Choubisa SL. Fluorosis in dromedary camels of Rajasthan, India. Fluoride. 2010;43(3):194-199.
  7. Choubisa SL. Fluorotoxicosis in diverse species of domestic animals inhabiting areas with high fluoride in drinking waters of Rajasthan, India. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci. 2013; 83(3): 317-321. doi: 10.1007/s40011-012-0138-6.
  8. Choubisa SL. Fluoride toxicosis in immature herbivorous domestic animals living in low fluoride water endemic areas of Rajasthan, India: an observational survey. Fluoride. 2013;46(1):19-24. 
  9. Bhatia HM, Rao VR. Genetic Atlas of India. Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Seth GS Medical College, Bombay, India, 1987.
  10. Deka R, Reddy AP, Mukherjee BN, Das BM, Banerjee S, Roy M, Dey B, Malhotra KC, Walter H. Hemoglobin E distribution in ten endogamous population groups of Assam, India. Hum Hered. 1988;38(5):261-6. doi: 10.1159/000153796. PMID: 3235091.
  11. Choubisa SL. Study of certain haematological genetic polymorphic systems in relation to malaria endemicity in tribes residing in arid and humid ecosystems of Rajasthan. A technical report. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. 1997;1-24.
  12. Patel AB, Athavale AM. Sickle cell disease in central India. Indian J Pediatr. 2004 Sep;71(9):789-93. doi: 10.1007/BF02730713. PMID: 15448384.
  13. Balgir Rs, Dash B, Murmu B. Blood groups, haemoglobinopathies and G-6-PD: investigation among fifteen major schedule tribes of Orissa, India. Anthropologists. 2004;6(1):69-75. doi: 10.1080/09720073.2004.11890830
  14. Balgir RS. The spectrum of haemoglobin variants in two scheduled tribes of Sundargarh district in north-western Orissa, India. Ann Hum Biol. 2005 Sep-Oct;32(5):560-73. doi: 10.1080/03014460500228741. PMID: 16316913.
  15. Sarnaik SA. Thalassemia and related hemoglobinopathies. Indian J Pediatr. 2005 Apr;72(4):319-24. doi: 10.1007/BF02724015. PMID: 15876761.
  16. Munshi A, Anandraj MP, Joseph J, Shafi G, Anila AN, Jyothy A. Inherited hemoglobin disorders in Andhra Pradesh, India: a population study. Clin Chim Acta. 2009 Feb;400(1-2):117-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.10.025. Epub 2008 Nov 5. PMID: 19000664.
  17. Colah R, Gorakshakar A, Nadkarni A, Phanasgaonkar S, Surve R, Sawant P, Mohanty D, Ghosh K. Regional heterogeneity of beta-thalassemia mutations in the multi ethnic Indian population. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2009 May-Jun;42(3):241-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.12.006. Epub 2009 Feb 28. PMID: 19254853.
  18. Colah R, Gorakshakar A, Phanasgaonkar S, D'Souza E, Nadkarni A, Surve R, Sawant P, Master D, Patel R, Ghosh K, Mohanty D. Epidemiology of beta-thalassaemia in Western India: mapping the frequencies and mutations in sub-regions of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Br J Haematol. 2010 Jun;149(5):739-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08131.x. Epub 2010 Mar 3. PMID: 20230396.
  19. Colah R, Mukherjee M, Ghosh K. Sickle cell disease in India. Curr Opin Hematol. 2014 May;21(3):215-23. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000029. PMID: 24714525.
  20. Colah RB, Mukherjee MB, Martin S, Ghosh K. Sickle cell disease in tribal populations in India. Indian J Med Res. 2015 May;141(5):509-15. doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.159492. PMID: 26139766; PMCID: PMC4510747.
  21. Colah RB, Mehta P, Mukherjee MB. Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease: Indian Experience. Int J Neonatal Screen. 2018 Nov 13;4(4):31. doi: 10.3390/ijns4040031. PMID: 33072952; PMCID: PMC7548903.
  22. Dolai TK, Dutta S, Bhattacharyya M, Ghosh MK. Prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in rural Bengal, India. Hemoglobin. 2012;36(1):57-63. doi: 10.3109/03630269.2011.621007. Epub 2011 Oct 17. PMID: 22004064.
  23. Rai V, Kumar P. Epidemiological study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in scheduled caste population of India. J Anthropol. 2012. doi: 10.1155/2012/984180.
  24. Patel A, Naik P, Shah M, et al. Prevalence of common hemoglobinopathies in Gujarat: an analysis of a large population screening programme. Nat J Commun Med. 2012;3:112-116.
  25. Kapoor AK, Choudhary V, Saini M. Distribution of glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Indian population. Glob J Bio Agric Health Sci. 2013;2(3):10-15.
  26. Mohanty D, Colah RB, Gorakshakar AC, Patel RZ, Master DC, Mahanta J, Sharma SK, Chaudhari U, Ghosh M, Das S, Britt RP, Singh S, Ross C, Jagannathan L, Kaul R, Shukla DK, Muthuswamy V. Prevalence of β-thalassemia and other haemoglobinopathies in six cities in India: a multicentre study. J Community Genet. 2013 Jan;4(1):33-42. doi: 10.1007/s12687-012-0114-0. Epub 2012 Oct 21. PMID: 23086467; PMCID: PMC3537975.
  27. Mukherjee MB, Colah RB, Martin S, Ghosh K. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency among tribal populations of India - Country scenario. Indian J Med Res. 2015 May;141(5):516-20. doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.159499. PMID: 26139767; PMCID: PMC4510748.
  28. Ghosh K, Colah RB, Mukherjee MB. Haemoglobinopathies in tribal populations of India. Indian J Med Res. 2015 May;141(5):505-8. doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.159488. PMID: 26139765; PMCID: PMC4510746.
  29. Kumar P, Yadav U, Rai V. Prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in India: un updated meta-analysis. Egyptian J Med Hum Genet. 2016;17:295-302.
  30. Serjeant GR, Ghosh K, Patel J. Sickle cell disease in India: A perspective. Indian J Med Res. 2016 Jan;143(1):21-4. doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.178582. PMID: 26997009; PMCID: PMC4822363.
  31. Sur D, Chakravorty R. Prevalence of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia carriers in women of reproductive age groups especially the prospective mothers: a single centre study at West Bengal. J Hematol. 2016;5(3):99-102.
  32. Moinuddin Mk, Gagandeep V, Mutalik S. Prevalence of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in a community by newborn screening. IntJ Contemp Pediatr. 2017;4(3):1018-1020. doi: 10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20171719
  33. Hockham C, Bhatt S, Colah R, Mukherjee MB, Penman BS, Gupta S, Piel FB. The spatial epidemiology of sickle-cell anaemia in India. Sci Rep. 2018 Dec 6;8(1):17685. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36077-w. PMID: 30523337; PMCID: PMC6283872.
  34. Shah II, Jarullah J, Jarullah B. Prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in India: a systematic review. Adv Biosci Biotech. 2018;8:491-496.
  35. Warghade S, Britto J, Haryan R, Dalvi T, Bendre R, Chheda P, Matkar S, Salunkhe Y, Chanekar M, Shah N. Prevalence of hemoglobin variants and hemoglobinopathies using cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography in central reference laboratory of India: A report of 65779 cases. J Lab Physicians. 2018 Jan-Mar;10(1):73-79. doi: 10.4103/JLP.JLP_57_17. PMID: 29403210; PMCID: PMC5784299.
  36. Jain RC. Hemoglobin D disease: report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol. 1971 Jul;56(1):40-42. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/56.1.40. PMID: 5556213.
  37. Jain RC. Prevalence of abnormal haemoglobin, thalassaemia & G-6 PD deficiency among the hospital population of Udaipur (Rajasthan). Indian J Med Res. 1984 Sep;80:332-8. PMID: 6526440.
  38. Jain RC, Chhaparwal JK, Bansal G, Gupta RK. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, thalassaemia & abnormal haemoglobins in Bohra Muslims. Indian J Med Res. 1984 Jun;79:789-91. PMID: 6519703.
  39. Jain RC, Sachde KN, Akhtar AA, Sudraniya SP. Beta-thalassaemia in Rajasthan. Indian Med Gaz. 1971;11:52-54.
  40. Choubisa SL. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency & thalassaemic genes in the scheduled castes of Rajasthan. Indian J Med Res. 1985 Dec;82:554-558. PMID: 3833708.
  41. Choubisa SL. Erythrocyte genetic disorders in subject belonging to general castes and other backward castes of Aravali hilly region of Rajasthan (India). Indian J Anthrop Hum Genet. 2003;22(1):33-43.
  42. Choubisa SL, Choubisa L. Erythrocyte mutant genes in inhabitants of arid environment of Western-Rajasthan (India). Indian J Anthrop Hum Genet. 2006;25(1):45-50.
  43. Choubisa SL, Parmar L, Purohit VK. Abnormal haemoglobins in subjects belonging to scheduled castes in Udaipur district (Rajasthan). Indian J Med Res. 1984 Oct;80:463-8. PMID: 6532958.
  44. Choubisa SL, Parmar L, Bala CM, Sharma SL. Sickle cell trait in the scheduled castes of Rajasthan (India). Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1986 Oct;29(4):386-90. PMID: 3817969.
  45. Choubisa SL, Choubisa L, Pande S, Bhatt DK. Abnormal haemoglobins, thalassaemia and G-6-PD deficiency in Suthar community of southern Rajasthan. Indian J Anthrop Hum Genet. 1987;13(1):9-16.
  46. Choubisa SL, Choubisa L, Pande S, Srivastava YK. Incidence of abnormal haemoglobins and G-6-PD deficiency in school children of Udaipur (Rajasthan), India. J Trop Med Hyg. 1987 Aug;90(4):215-6. PMID: 2443725.
  47. Choubisa SL, Choubisa A. Status of erythrocyte genetic disorders in people of desert and humid environments, Rajasthan, India: focus on natural selection in tribals against malaria. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad. 2021;87(3);433-445. doi: 10.1007/s43538-021-00045-2
  48. Negi RS. Sickle cell distribution in India. Ph. D. thesis, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India, 1967.
  49. Choubisa SL. Sickle cell traits in Damor tribe of Dungarpur district, southern Rajasthan. Man in India. 1990;70(4):454-458.
  50. Choubisa SL. Abnormal haemoglobins, thalassaemia and G-6-PD enzyme deficiency in Rajasthan (western-India). Haematologia (Budap). 1991;24(3):153-65. PMID: 1841846.
  51. Choubisa SL. Sickle cell haemoglobin, thalassaemia and G-6-PD enzyme deficiency genes in Garasiya tribe inhabited malaria endemic areas of Sirohi District, Rajasthan (India). J Commun Dis. 2009 Mar;41(1):13-28. PMID: 19886170.
  52. Mandot S, Khurana VL, Sonesh JK. Sickle cell anemia in Garasia tribals of Rajasthan. Indian Pediatr. 2009 Mar;46(3):239-40. Epub 2009 Jan 1. PMID: 19179738.
  53. Jain RC, Mehta J, Mehta NL, Joshi KC, Gupta OP, Andrew AM. Sickle cell trait, thalassaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the Bhil tribe of southern Rajasthan. Indian J Med Res. 1981 Apr;73:548-53. PMID: 7262926.
  54. Mogra N, Surana SS, Joshi KC, Gupta OP, Mehra SK. Incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haemoglobinopathies in Bhil tribe of Udaipur District. J Assoc Physicians India. 1982 Apr;30(4):197-9. PMID: 7182386.
  55. Jain RC, Andrew AM, Choubisa SL, Acharya A, Joshi KC. Sickle cell gene in the Mina tribal population of Kherwara tehsil of Udaipur district in Rajasthan. Indian J Med Res. 1983 Oct;78:552-5. PMID: 6668011.
  56. Jain RC, Andrew AM, Choubisa SL. Sickle cell & thalassaemic genes in the tribal population of Rajasthan. Indian J Med Res. 1983 Dec;78:836-40. PMID: 6674173.
  57. Jain RC, Choubisa SL, Acharya A, Andrew AM, Chhaparwal JK, Joshi KC. Incidence of G-6 PD deficiency in the tribal population of Rajasthan. J Assoc Physicians India. 1984 Mar;32(3):266-7. PMID: 6746524.
  58. Choubisa SL. Abnormal haemoglobins, thalassaemia and G-6-PD enzyme deficiency in Rajasthan (western-India). Haematologia (Budap). 1991;24(3):153-65. PMID: 1841846.
  59. Choubisa SL, Choubisa DK. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in senile cataracts. Man in India. 1994;74(3):267-270.
  60. Choubisa SL, Choubisa DK, Choubisa, L. Erythrocyte genetic disorders in inhabitants of Aravali hilly environment. Indian J Anthrop Hum Genet. 2004;23(2):145-159.
  61. Choubisa SL, Sharma PN. Incidence of larval trematodes infection and their seasonal variation in the fresh water molluscs of southern Rajasthan. Rec Zool Surv India. 1986;83(1&2):69-80.
  62. Choubisa SL. Fluoride distribution and fluorosis in some villages of Banswara district of Rajasthan. Indian J Environ Health. 1997;39(4):281-288.
  63. Choubisa SL, Jaroli VJ. Freshwater larval digenetic trematode parasites in India: an epitomised review. Res J Chemist Environ. 2020;24(9):146-156.
  64. Choubisa SL. Fluorosis in some tribal villages of Udaipur district (Rajasthan). J Environ Biol. 1998;19(4):341-352.
  65. Choubisa SL. Chronic fluoride intoxication (fluorosis) in tribes and their domestic animals. Int J Environ Stud. 1999;56(5):703-16.
  66. Choubisa SL. Endemic fluorosis in southern Rajasthan (India). Fluoride. 2001;34(1):61-70.
  67. Choubisa SL. Amoebiasis among tribals of Rajasthan (India). J Commun Dis. 2009 Mar;41(1):53-55. PMID: 19886176.
  68. Choubisa SL. Fluoride in drinking water and its toxicosis in tribals, Rajasthan, India. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci. 2012;82(2):325-330. doi: 10.1007/s40011-012-0047-8.
  69. Choubisa SL, Choubisa L. Prevalence of vaginal Trichomoniasis in Dungarpur district, Rajasthan. Indian J Parasitol. 1991;15(2):97-99.
  70. Choubisa SL, Choubisa L. Prevalence of intestinal and malaria parasitic infections in tribal students of Dungarpur (Rajasthan). Indian J Parasitol. 1992;16(2):55-57.
  71. Choubisa SL, Choubisa L. Trichomonas veginalis parasitic infection (Trichomoniasis) in subjects inhabiting rural environment of tribal region of southern Rajasthan. J Parasit Dis. 2005;29(1):77-80.
  72. Choubisa SL, Choubisa L. Intestinal helminthic infections in tribal population of southern Rajasthan, India. J Parasit Dis. 2006;30(2):163-167.
  73. Choubisa SL, Choubisa D. Neighbourhood fluorosis in people residing in the vicinity of superphosphate fertilizer plants near Udaipur city of Rajasthan (India). Environ Monit Assess. 2015 Aug;187(8):497. doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-4723-z. Epub 2015 Jul 10. PMID: 26160742.
  74. Choubisa SL, Choubisa D. Status of industrial fluoride pollution and its diverse adverse health effects in man and domestic animals in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Apr;23(8):7244-54. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6319-8. Epub 2016 Feb 23. PMID: 26903127.
  75. Choubisa SL, Choubisa D. Genu-valgum (knock-knee) syndrome in fluorosis- endemic Rajasthan and its current status in India. Fluoride. 2019;52(2):161-168.
  76. Choubisa SL, Choubisa DK, Joshi SC, Choubisa L. Fluorosis in some tribal villages of Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, India. Fluoride. 1997;30(4):223-228.
  77. Choubisa SL, Choubisa DK, Choubisa L. The ABO blood groups and malaria. J Parasit Dis. 2005;29(2):109-111.
  78. Choubisa SL, Jaroli VJ, Choubisa P, Mogra N. Intestinal parasitic infection in Bhil tribe of Rajasthan, India. J Parasit Dis. 2012 Oct;36(2):143-8. doi: 10.1007/s12639-012-0151-y. Epub 2012 Aug 2. PMID: 24082517; PMCID: PMC3427671.
  79. Old J. Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias: in Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics; Edited by Rimoin D, Pyeritz R, Korf B, 6th Ed; Academic Press. 2013.
  80. Herrick JB. Peculiar elongated and sickle shaped red blood corpuscles in case of severe anaemia. Arch Int Med. 1910;6(5):517-521.
  81. Lehmann H, Cutbush M. Sickle-cell trait in southern India. Br Med J. 1952 Feb 23;1(4755):404-5. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4755.404. PMID: 14896162; PMCID: PMC2022731.
  82. Choubisa SL. Haemoglobin-C gene in India? Curr Sci. 2010;99(7):860.
  83. Jain RC, Andleigh HS, Mehta JB. Haemoglobin D-thalassaemia. Acta Haemat. 1970;44:124-127.
  84. Jain RC, Bansal G, Andrew AM. Haemoglobin D trait in Rajasthan (a case report). J Assoc Physicians India. 1984 Mar;32(3):293-4. PMID: 6746529.
  85. Mohanty D, Mukherjee MB. Sickle cell disease in India. Curr Opin Hematol. 2002 Mar;9(2):117-22. doi: 10.1097/00062752-200203000-00006. PMID: 11844994.
  86. Kaur M, Dangi CBS, Singh M, Singh H, Kapoor S. Burden of sickle cell diseases among tribes of India- a burning problem. Int Res J Pharm App Sci. 2013;3(1):60-80.
  87. Choubisa SL. Distribution of Hb-Bart’s (α-thalasseamia) in various population of Dungarpur district of Rajasthan (India). Indian J Anthrop Hum Gent. 1990; 6:43-48.
  88. Choubisa SL, Choubisa DK, Khare S. Alpha-thalassaemia (Hb-Bart's) in Rajasthan (India). Haematologia (Budap). 2000;30(3):209-13. doi: 10.1163/156855900300109215. PMID: 11128114.
  89. Agarwal MB. The burden of haemoglobinopathies in India--time to wake up? J Assoc Physicians India. 2005 Dec;53:1017-8. PMID: 16572955.
  90. Mukherjee M. Cooley anaemia (Erythroblastic or Mediterrian anaemia). Indian J Pediatr. 1938;5:1-7.
  91. Bansal RK, Sharma UB, Madhulika, Singh J, Saxena S. Hemoglobinopathies in anemic children of eastern Rajasthan. Indian Pediatr. 1988 Oct;25(10):1012-5. PMID: 3248861.
  92. Bienzle U. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Clinics Haematol. 1981;10(3):785-799.
  93. Allison AC. Sickle cell and evolution. Sci Am. 1956; 195: 87-94. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24943942
  94. Friedman MJ. Erythrocytic mechanism of sickle cell resistance to malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1978 Apr;75(4):1994-1997. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.4.1994. PMID: 347452; PMCID: PMC392469.
  95. Roth EF Jr, Raventos-Suarez C, Rinaldi A, Nagel RL. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency inhibits in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jan;80(1):298-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.1.298. PMID: 6337374; PMCID: PMC393360.
  96. Usanga EA, Luzzatto L. Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient host red cells by production of parasite-encoded enzyme. Nature. 1985 Feb 28-Mar 6;313(6005):793-5. doi: 10.1038/313793a0. PMID: 3883193.
  97. Choubisa SL, Sharma PN, Parmar L. Haemoglobin-A2 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in relation to malaria. Indian J Parasit. 1984;8(2):247-249.
  98. Choubisa SL. Sickle cell haemoglobin, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and thalassaemic genes in relation to malaria endemicity. Indian J Parasit. 1985;9(2):131-133.
  99. Choubisa SL, Sompura K, Choubisa DK, et al. Fluoride content in domestic water sources of Dungarpur district of Rajasthan. Indian J Environ Health. 1995;37(3):154-160.
  100. Choubisa SL, Sompura K, Bhatt SK, et al. Fluoride in drinking water sources of Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Indian J Environ Health. 1996;38(4):286-291.
  101. Choubisa SL, Sompura K, Bhatt SK, et al. Prevalence of fluorosis in some villages of Dungarpur district of Rajasthan. Indian J Environ Health. 1996;38(2):119-126.
  102. Maithani PB, Gurjar R, Banerjee R, et al. Anomalous fluoride in ground water from western part of Sirrohi district, Rajasthan and its crippling effects on human health. Curr Sci. 1998;74(9):773-777.
  103. Adler P, Armstrong WD, Bell ME, et al. Fluorides and human health. World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 59. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1970.
  104. Agalakova NI, Gusev GP. Excessive fluoride consumption leads to accelerated death of erythrocytes and anemia in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013 Jun;153(1-3):340-9. doi: 10.1007/s12011-013-9691-y. Epub 2013 May 15. PMID: 23673526.
  105. Yasmin S, Ranjan S, D'Souza D. Haematological changes in fluorotic adults and children in fluoride endemic regions of Gaya district, Bihar, India. Environ Geochem Health. 2014 Jun;36(3):421-5. doi: 10.1007/s10653-013-9570-7. Epub 2013 Sep 12. PMID: 24026572.
  106. Pornprasert S, Wanachantararak P, Kantawong F, Chamnanprai S, Kongpan C, Pienthai N, Yanola J, Duangmano S, Prasannarong M. Excessive fluoride consumption increases haematological alteration in subjects with iron deficiency, thalassaemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency. Environ Geochem Health. 2017 Aug;39(4):751-758. doi: 10.1007/s10653-016-9845-x. Epub 2016 Jun 18. PMID: 27318827.

Comments

Swift, Reliable, and studious. We aim to cherish the world by publishing precise knowledge.

  • asd
  • Brown University Library
  • University of Glasgow Library
  • University of Pennsylvania, Penn Library
  • University of Amsterdam Library
  • The University of British Columbia Library
  • UC Berkeley’s Library
  • MIT Libraries
  • Kings College London University
  • University of Texas Libraries
  • UNSW Sidney Library
  • The University of Hong Kong Libraries
  • UC Santa Barbara Library
  • University of Toronto Libraries
  • University of Oxford Library
  • Australian National University
  • ScienceOpen
  • UIC Library
  • KAUST University Library
  • Cardiff University Library
  • Ball State University Library
  • Duke University Library
  • Rutgers University Library
  • Air University Library
  • UNT University of North Texas
  • Washington Research Library Consortium
  • Penn State University Library
  • Georgetown Library
  • Princeton University Library
  • Science Gate
  • Internet Archive
  • WashingTon State University Library
  • Dimensions
  • Zenodo
  • OpenAire
  • Index Copernicus International
  • icmje
  • International Scientific Indexing (ISI)
  • Sherpa Romeo
  • ResearchGate
  • Universidad De Lima
  • WorldCat
  • JCU Discovery
  • McGill
  • National University of Singepore Libraries
  • SearchIT
  • Scilit
  • SemantiScholar
  • Base Search
  • VU
  • KB
  • Publons
  • oaji
  • Harvard University
  • sjsu-library
  • UWLSearch
  • Florida Institute of Technology
  • CrossRef
  • LUBsearch
  • Universitat de Paris
  • Technical University of Denmark
  • ResearchBIB
  • Google Scholar
  • Microsoft Academic Search