Covid-19 Research

Original Article

Frequency of Gingivitis among 12 to 70 Years Old Patients Visiting Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan: A Cross Sectional Study

Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences article abstract with citation details, DOI, publication dates, subject areas, full text links, and references.

View DOI Submit Manuscript

Article Details

Publication record, authors, dates, abstract, and full text access.

Open Access
Article Type Original Article
Subject Medicine Group
OCLC 9382544468
Gulrukh Hamid, Asim Shahzad* and Abrar Hussain Mian
Issue: Volume2-Issue11
Pages: 1074-1077
Received: 2021-11-02
Accepted: 2021-11-11
Published: 2021-11-12

Abstract

The present cross sectional study aimed to determine the frequency of gingivitis among 21 to 70 old patients at Periodontal Department of Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 133 patients were observed by using Word Health Organization (WHO) sample size calculator with the following assumption, confidence level = 95%, Anticipated absolute precision = 8% and Population proportion = 33.4%. Standard proforma (questionnaire) and non-probability consecutives sampling technique was used for the sample collection with inclusion and exclusion base criteria for the study fulfillment. Results showed that mean age was 60 years with standard deviation + 8.34. 63 (47.36%) of patients were male and 70 (52.63%) were female. Male patients had gingival inflammation affected more 50 (79.36%) as compared to female 17 (24.28%). Total sample prevalence of mild, moderate and sever gingivitis was 43 (64.17%), 20 (29.85%) and 4 (5.97%). Percentage of mild gingivitis in females was less than males (58.82% vs. 66%), moderate gingivitis percentage was also slightly less in females than males (29.41% vs. 30%). However percentage of females having severe gingivitis was found higher than males (11.76% vs. 4%). Out of 133 patients 67 (50.37%) were analyzed as gingivitis while 66 (49.62%) patients were without gingivitis. It was revealed that the incidence rate of gingivitis was estimated 67 (50.37%) among 133 patients. Patients should need awareness of gingivitis through proper education channel as a result to adopt appropriate oral hygiene practices and other preventive measures to reduce the incidence of this disease and other oral health complications in future.

FullText HTML FullText PDF DOI: 10.37871/jbres1350 Crossmark

Certificate of Publication

Certificate of Publication

Copyright

© 2021 Hamid G, et al. Distributed under Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 Creative CommonsAttribution

How to cite this article

Hamid G, Shahzad A, Mian AH. Frequency of Gingivitis among 12 to 70 Years Old Patients Visiting Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan: A Cross Sectional Study. J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2021 Nov 12; 2(11): 1074-1077. doi: 10.37871/jbres1350, Article ID: JBRES1350, Available at: https://www.jelsciences.com/articles/jbres1350.pdf

Subject area(s)

ImmunologyPublic HealthDentistry

References

  1. Jin LJ, Armitage GC, Klinge B, Lang NP, Tonetti M, Williams RC. Global oral health inequalities: task group--periodontal disease. Adv Dent Res. 2011 May;23(2):221-6. doi: 10.1177/0022034511402080. PMID: 21490234.
  2. Petersen PE, Kwan S. World Health Organization global oral health strategies for oral health promotion and disease prevention in the twenty-first century. Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung. 2009 May;4(2):100-104.
  3. Jin LJ, Lamster IB, Greenspan JS, Pitts NB, Scully C, Warnakulasuriya S. Global burden of oral diseases: emerging concepts, management and interplay with systemic health. Oral Dis. 2016 Oct;22(7):609-19. doi: 10.1111/odi.12428. Epub 2016 Jan 20. PMID: 26704694.
  4. Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ. 2005 Sep;83(9):661-9. Epub 2005 Sep 30. PMID: 16211157; PMCID: PMC2626328.
  5. Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Thornton-Evans GO, Genco RJ; CDC Periodontal Disease Surveillance workgroup: James Beck (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA), Gordon Douglass (Past President, American Academy of Periodontology), Roy Page (University of Washin. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012 Oct;91(10):914-20. doi: 10.1177/0022034512457373. Epub 2012 Aug 30. PMID: 22935673.
  6. Shah MA, Darby ML, Bauman DB. Improving oral health in Pakistan using dental hygienists. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011 Feb;9(1):43-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2009.00434.x. PMID: 21226850.
  7. Nasir N, Ali S, Hayat Y, Bashir U. Oral health status of patients visiting Islamic International Dental Hospital. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci. 2012;8(1):27-30.
  8. https://bit.ly/3H85faR
  9. Ali S, Dastagir BMU, Syed A, Chaudhry AU, Iqbal Z. Prevalence of dental caries among 5-14 years old poor locality school children of Lahore. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal. 2012 Aug 1;32(2).
  10. Dawani N, Nisar N, Khan N, Syed S, Tanweer N. Prevalence and factors related to dental caries among pre-school children of Saddar town, Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2012 Dec;12(1):1-9.
  11. Leghari A M, Tanwir F, Ali H. Dental caries prevalence and risk factors among school children age 12-15 years in Malir, Karachi. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal. 2012 Dec 1;32(3).
  12. Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm. Caries Res. 2004 May-Jun;38(3):204-11. doi: 10.1159/000077756. PMID: 15153690.
  13. Preshaw PM, Seymour RA, Heasman PA. Current concepts in periodontal pathogenesis. Dent Update. 2004 Dec;31(10):570-2, 574-8. doi: 10.12968/denu.2004.31.10.570. PMID: 15656071.
  14. Kolenbrander PE, Palmer RJ Jr, Rickard AH, Jakubovics NS, Chalmers NI, Diaz PI. Bacterial interactions and successions during plaque development. Periodontol 2000. 2006;42:47-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00187.x. PMID: 16930306.
  15. Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Jun 22;3:17038. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.38. PMID: 28805207.
  16. Burt B; Research, Science and Therapy Committee of the American Academy of Periodontology. Position paper: epidemiology of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol. 2005 Aug;76(8):1406-19. doi: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.8.1406. PMID: 16101377.
  17. Ali S, Nasir N, Masood A, Bashir U. Prevalence of gingivitis in patients visiting Islamic International Dental Hospital. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci. 2012;8(2):150-152.
  18. Murillo G, Vargas MA, Castillo J, Serrano JJ, Ramirez GM, Viales JH, Benitez CG. Prevalence and Severity of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Three Latin American Cities: Mexico City-Mexico, Great Metropolitan Area-Costa Rica and Bogota-Colombia. Odovtos-International Journal of Dental Sciences. 2018 Sep 24;20(2):91-102.
  19. He S, Wei Y, Fan X, Hu D, Sreenivasan PK. A clinical study to assess the 12-hour antimicrobial effects of cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes on supragingival plaque bacteria. J Clin Dent. 2011;22(6):195-9. PMID: 22403975.
  20. Berglundh T, Liljenberg B, Ericsson I, Lindhe J. Gingivitis in the deciduous and permanent dentition. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol. 1989 Aug;16(7):457-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1989.tb01675.x. PMID: 2768540.
  21. Mostafa B, El-Refai I. Prevalence of Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in a Sample of the Adult Egyptian Population. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018 Mar 10;6(3):554-558. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.131. PMID: 29610619; PMCID: PMC5874384.
  22. Sicilia A, Arregui I, Gallego M, Cabezas B, Cuesta S. Home oral hygiene revisited. Options and evidence. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2003;1 Suppl 1:407-22; discussion 423-5. PMID: 15655973.
  23. Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases. The Lancet. 2005 Nov 19;366(9499):1809-1820.
  24. Deacon SA, Glenny AM, Deery C, Robinson PG, Heanue M, Walmsley AD, Shaw WC. Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;2010(12):CD004971. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004971.pub2. PMID: 21154357; PMCID: PMC8406707.
  25. Williams MI. The antibacterial and antiplaque effectiveness of mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride with and without alcohol in improving gingival health. J Clin Dent. 2011;22(6):179-82. PMID: 22403972.
  26. Sambunjak D, Nickerson JW, Poklepovic T, Johnson TM, Imai P, Tugwell P, Worthington HV. Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD008829. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008829.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 23;4:CD008829. PMID: 22161438.
  27. Li Y, Lee S, Hujoel P, Su M, Zhang W, Kim J, Zhang YP, DeVizio W. Prevalence and severity of gingivitis in American adults. Am J Dent. 2010 Feb;23(1):9-13. PMID: 20437720.
  28. Idrees MM, Azzeghaiby SN, Hammad MM, Kujan OB. Prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in a Saudi adult population. Saudi Med J. 2014 Nov;35(11):1373-7. PMID: 25399215; PMCID: PMC4362151.
  29. Zhang J, Xuan D, Fan W, Zhang X, Dibart S, De Vizio W, Panagakos F, Zhang YP. Severity and prevalence of plaque-induced gingivitis in the Chinese population. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2010 Oct;31(8):624-9. PMID: 20960992.
  30. Žekonis G, Balčiūnaitė S. Features of clinical investigation data of patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Stomotology. 1999;4:9-12.
  31. Axelsson P. An Introduction to Risk perdiction and preventive dentistry. Quintessence Publishing. 2000;39-77.
  32. Iqbal MA, Mohol J, Afrin F, Khaleque MA, Johra FT, Jannat N. Prevalence of periodontal diseases among the patient visiting at Periodontology OPD Update Dental College Hospital, Dhaka. Update Dental College Journal. 2015;5(2):23-29.
  33. Sheiham A. Is the chemical prevention of gingivitis necessary to prevent severe periodontitis? Periodontol 2000. 1997 Oct;15:15-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00100.x. PMID: 9643228.
  34. Oh TJ, Eber R, Wang HL. Periodontal diseases in the child and adolescent. J Clin Periodontol. 2002 May;29(5):400-10. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290504.x. PMID: 12060422.
  35. Khan AA, Sharea I, Ayma S, Ambreena Q, Inayatullah P, Sofia S. Oral health in Pakistan: a situation analysis. Dev Dent. 2004;5(2):35-44.
Publish with JBRES — Peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary Open Access with rapid review, DOI, and global visibility.
Double-Blind CrossRef DOI Discoverable
Submit Manuscript Membership