ET-traps: A Potential Therapeutic for Use in Human Complications of the Heart and Kidneys

Arjun Jain; Ira Jain*

Arjun Jain and Ira Jain*

Volume4-Issue1
Dates: Received: 2022-11-29 | Accepted: 2023-01-18 | Published: 2023-01-19
Pages: 037-040

Abstract

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent bioactive mediator that induces vasoconstriction and promotes vascular remodeling. Previous studies indicate that ET-1 plays an important role in the pathophysiology of humans. This includes various cardiovascular and renal complications.

Some humans with chronic heart failure might also have chronic renal failure.

The organ damage in heart and kidneys increases with age. While symptoms of organ damage will vary according to the affected organ, the patient will likely need special management, including a restricted diet and/or a therapeutic.

The ET-traps, a patented technology, are a novel molecular construct, which has been shown to significantly sequester the increased levels of ET-1 found in different disease states. ET-traps have been found to be a potential therapeutic for ameliorating different pathologies related to elevate ET-1 levels, such as disruptions in the heart and kidney functions. Hence, the ET-traps could effectively tackle serious health conditions associated with disruptions in the endothelin system. This paper discusses the potential application of ET-traps as a therapeutic for use in human complications of the heart and kidneys.

FullText HTML FullText PDF DOI: 10.37871/jbres1646

Certificate of Publication

Copyright

How to cite this article

Jain A, Jain I. ET-traps: A Potential Therapeutic for Use in Human Complications of the Heart and Kidneys. 2023 Jan 19; 4(1): 037-040. doi: 10.37871/jbres1646, Article ID: JBRES1646, Available at: https://www.jelsciences.com/articles/ jbres1646.pdf

Subject area(s)

Therapeutics

Cardiovascular Diseases

References

Davenport AP, Hyndman KA, Dhaun N, Southan C, Kohan DE, Pollock JS, Pollock DM, Webb DJ, Maguire JJ. Endothelin. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Apr;68(2):357-418. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011833. PMID: 26956245; PMCID: PMC4815360.
Barton M, Yanagisawa M. Endothelin: 30 Years From Discovery to Therapy. Hypertension. 2019 Dec;74(6):1232-1265. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12105. Epub 2019 Nov 4. PMID: 31679425.
Jain A, Chen S, Yong H, Chakrabarti S. Endothelin-1 traps potently reduce pathologic markers back to basal levels in an in vitro model of diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2018 Oct 18;17(2):189-195. doi: 10.1007/s40200-018-0360-8. PMID: 30918854; PMCID: PMC6405379.
Jain A, Mehrotra V, Jha I, Jain A. In vivo studies demonstrate that endothelin-1 traps are a potential therapy for type I diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2019 Apr 8;18(1):133-143. doi: 10.1007/s40200-019-00400-7. PMID: 31275884; PMCID: PMC6582002.
Raina R, Chauvin A, Chakraborty R, Nair N, Shah H, Krishnappa V, Kusumi K. The Role of Endothelin and Endothelin Antagonists in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2020 Jan;6(1):22-34. doi: 10.1159/000504623. Epub 2019 Dec 18. PMID: 32021871; PMCID: PMC6995952.
Enevoldsen FC, Sahana J, Wehland M, Grimm D, Infanger M, Krüger M. Endothelin Receptor Antagonists: Status Quo and Future Perspectives for Targeted Therapy. J Clin Med. 2020 Mar 18;9(3):824. doi: 10.3390/jcm9030824. PMID: 32197449; PMCID: PMC7141375.
Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Alonso A, Beaton AZ, Bittencourt MS, Boehme AK, Buxton AE, Carson AP, Commodore-Mensah Y, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Eze-Nliam C, Ferguson JF, Generoso G, Ho JE, Kalani R, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Levine DA, Lewis TT, Liu J, Loop MS, Ma J, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Perak AM, Poudel R, Rezk-Hanna M, Roth GA, Schroeder EB, Shah SH, Thacker EL, VanWagner LB, Virani SS, Voecks JH, Wang NY, Yaffe K, Martin SS. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Feb 22;145(8):e153-e639. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001052. Epub 2022 Jan 26. Erratum in: Circulation. 2022 Sep 6;146(10):e141. PMID: 35078371.
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP). 2022.
Kovesdy CP. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2022 Apr;12(1):7-11. doi: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.003. Epub 2022 Mar 18. PMID: 35529086; PMCID: PMC9073222.
Pugh D, Gallacher PJ, Dhaun N. Management of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease. Drugs. 2019 Mar;79(4):365-379. doi: 10.1007/s40265-019-1064-1. Erratum in: Drugs. 2020 Sep;80(13):1381. PMID: 30758803; PMCID: PMC6422950.
Ahmad N, Veerapalli H, Lankala CR, Castaneda EE, Aziz A, Rockferry AG, Hamid P. Endothelin Receptor Antagonists as a Potential Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2021 Nov 7;13(11):e19325. doi: 10.7759/cureus.19325. PMID: 34909290; PMCID: PMC8653857.
De Miguel C, Speed JS, Kasztan M, Gohar EY, Pollock DM. Endothelin-1 and the kidney: new perspectives and recent findings. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2016 Jan;25(1):35-41. doi: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000185. PMID: 26625864; PMCID: PMC4698004.
Yau K, Dharia A, Alrowiyti I, Cherney DZI. Prescribing SGLT2 Inhibitors in Patients With CKD: Expanding Indications and Practical Considerations. Kidney Int Rep. 2022 May 5;7(7):1463-1476. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.04.094. PMID: 35812300; PMCID: PMC9263228.
D'Orléans-Juste P, Akide Ndunge OB, Desbiens L, Tanowitz HB, Desruisseaux MS. Endothelins in inflammatory neurological diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Feb;194:145-160. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.001. Epub 2018 Oct 3. PMID: 30291906; PMCID: PMC6348026.
Rosanò L, Bagnato A. Endothelin therapeutics in cancer: Where are we? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2016 Mar 15;310(6):R469-75. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00532.2015. Epub 2016 Jan 27. PMID: 26818060; PMCID: PMC4867375.
Nelson J, Bagnato A, Battistini B, Nisen P. The endothelin axis: emerging role in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Feb;3(2):110-6. doi: 10.1038/nrc990. PMID: 12563310.
Stehouwer CD, Lambert J, Donker AJ, van Hinsbergh VW. Endothelial dysfunction and pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy. Cardiovasc Res. 1997 Apr;34(1):55-68. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(96)00272-6. PMID: 9217873.
Seligman BG, Biolo A, Polanczyk CA, Gross JL, Clausell N. Increased plasma levels of endothelin 1 and von Willebrand factor in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2000 Sep;23(9):1395-400. doi: 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1395. PMID: 10977040.
Jain A, Coffey C, Mehrotra V, Flammer J. Endothelin-1 traps as a potential therapeutic tool: from diabetes to beyond? Drug Discov Today. 2019 Sep;24(9):1937-1942. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.07.008. Epub 2019 Aug 5. PMID: 31394173.