Foodborne illness is a critical environmental and public-health challenge, shaped by host immunity, ecological conditions, and contaminated food sources. Globally, millions of cases occur annually, with substantial morbidity and mortality [1,2]. Contaminants include microbial agents—bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi—and non-microbial agents such as plant toxins, animal toxins, and chemicals. Clinical manifestations typically resemble gastroenteritis, with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by stool cultures, microscopy, and molecular techniques [3]. Treatment emphasizes rehydration, symptomatic management, and pathogen-specific antimicrobial therapy when indicated [2]. Environmental determinants—unsafe food handling, poor sanitation, contaminated water, and inadequate storage—are central to outbreaks [4]. In Kosovo, surveillance data highlight recurring incidents, including the July 2026 Salmonella outbreak in Prishtina affecting 74 individuals [5]. This review synthesizes global evidence and critically analyses the Kosovo case study within an environmental and One Health framework, underscoring the urgent need for strengthened surveillance, integrated policy responses, and preventive strategies.